Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences
The Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences (AIJMS) (Electronic ISSN: 2984-7745), published by Academic International Publishers, is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal in English, committed to disseminating high-quality research across a wide range of medical and health sciences. The journal serves as an international platform for researchers, clinicians, academicians, and healthcare professionals to publish scientific work that advances medical knowledge, informs clinical practice, and promotes public health. AIJMS operates under a fully open access publishing model, ensuring that all content is freely and permanently accessible online without subscription or registration barriers. The journal is indexed in Google Scholar, CrossRef, Sclilit, and ABCD index, enhancing visibility, discoverability, and citation impact for authors. It follows a continuous publication model and is issued biannually (January–June and July–December). Established in 2022, AIJMS obtained its ISSN license in 2023, marking its formal recognition as a scholarly publication. Since its inception, the journal has remained committed to high editorial standards and to supporting the global medical research community, promoting interdisciplinary and translational research that bridges basic science, clinical practice, and public health. Publishing with AIJMS allows authors to reach a multidisciplinary international audience and ensures that all manuscripts undergo a rigorous peer-review process to maintain originality, scientific rigor, and ethical integrity. The journal accepts original research, review articles, case studies, field studies, and scholarly commentaries, providing a platform for work that advances knowledge across basic medical sciences, clinical specialties, and public health. The mission of AIJMS is to promote excellence in medical sciences by encouraging innovative, interdisciplinary, and translational research that bridges basic science, clinical practice, and public health. The journal seeks to foster international scholarly dialogue and collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and academic institutions worldwide. Aims and Scope Aims Advance scientific knowledge in basic medical, clinical, and public health sciences Promote original, ethical, and methodologically robust medical research Encourage interdisciplinary and translational studies that inform clinical practice and health policy Support research addressing contemporary challenges in disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare delivery Foster international academic collaboration and scholarly communication Scope The Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences (AIJMS) publishes original research articles, review articles, case studies, field studies, and scholarly commentaries that demonstrate novelty, methodological rigor, and ethical research standards in the field of Medical and Health Sciences, with a focus on the following subfields: Basic Medical Sciences: anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology, medical microbiology and parasitology, anatomic and molecular pathology, biomedical engineering, and medical laboratory science. Clinical Sciences: allergy and immunology, anesthesiology, dermatology, diagnostic radiology, emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, medical genetics, neurology, nuclear medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, pathology, pediatrics, physical medicine and rehabilitation, preventive medicine, psychiatry, radiation oncology, surgery, urology, and other closely related medical and technological fields. Public Health: public health, preventive medicine, epidemiology, and health policy and services. Copyright and Licensing Copyright © 2023 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences. Authors retain copyright to their work while granting AIJMS the right to publish, reproduce, and distribute articles in all formats and media. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits sharing, copying, redistribution, adaptation, and reuse for any purpose, provided proper credit is given to the original authors and source. Archiving and Digital Preservation AIJMS is committed to the long-term preservation, accessibility, and integrity of its published content. The journal participates in the LOCKSS and CLOCKSS archiving systems, which securely preserve content across a distributed global network of libraries and ensure continued access. A LOCKSS Publisher Manifest is available at: View LOCKSS Publisher Manifest Authors are permitted to deposit the accepted (post-published) version of their articles in institutional or other repositories of their choice, in accordance with the journal’s archiving policy and the terms of the Creative Commons license.
The Impact and Organization of Human Histidine Rich Calcium Binding Protein (HRC) in Patients with Supraventricular Tachycardia
Section: Articles Keywords: Supraventricular Tachycardia, Human Histidine Rich Calcium Binding Protein, Electrolytes, Biomarkers, Calcium Homeostasis. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is one of the serious heart rhythms that demand proper identification of biomarkers in the early diagnosis and risk stratification. Electrophysiological tests and serum biomarkers are standardized cardiology devices that are necessary in identifying patients who risk developing SVT and other cardiac disorders. The aim of the given study was to test the role of human histidine-rich calcium-binding protein (HRC) among patients with supraventricular tachycardia and determine whether this protein can be used as a diagnostic biomarker. This research involved 128 individuals in two groups namely those who appeared healthy and those diagnosed with SVT (64). The age of the participants varied between 17-68 years, with the body mass index between 30.4 and 49.9kg/m 2. The subjects used were 61 females and 67 males. The study was carried out in the period between March and September 2021. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum HRC levels. The values showed that SVT patients exhibited very poor serum HRC levels relative to healthy controls (5.49 + 2.65 pg/mL vs 9.40 + 3.88 pg/mL, P ≤ 0.05). There were also no major differences by age. Such observations indicate that dysregulation of HRC can be a possible cause of arrhythmogenesis due to calcium homeostasis changes and can also be a biomarker of SVT diagnosis.
Supraventricular Tachycardia, Human Histidine Rich Calcium Binding Protein, Electrolytes, Biomarkers, Calcium Homeostasis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiology of Aging: Mechanisms, Adaptations, and Interventions
Section: Articles Keywords: Classics Aging physiology, hallmarks of aging, geroscience, interventions, biomarkers, cellular senescence, rapamycin, metformin. The current research aimed to review in detail the physiological processes that accompany biological ageing, organ-level responses, and manipulative approaches to address age-associated deterioration. Ageing is a process characterised by reduced physiological integrity, compromised function, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases. The rate of the world population ageing is unprecedented, and it is estimated that by 2050, the number of people aged 60 and above will reach about 2.1 billion. Biological ageing is defined as cumulative damage of molecules and cells with time. The hallmarks of ageing framework recognises nine conserved mechanisms: genomic instability, telomere loss, epigenetic changes, maintenance of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. At the organ level, there are cardiovascular stiffness, sarcopenia, endocrine dysregulation, immunosenescence, and neurodegeneration. Such interventions include lifestyle changes, pharmacological treatments with metformin and rapamycin, and new biotechnological treatments such as partial cellular reprogramming. Metformin and rapamycin have the potential to slow the progression of age-related diseases in experimental animals, and senolytic agents have potential in preclinical research. Recent technologies that employ Yamanaka factor-based reprogramming have shown impressive lifespan extension of aged mice. The issues of clinical translation are also fraught with safety, ethical, and proper trial design concerns. Epigenetic clocks and frailty indices are currently under development as biomarkers of ageing. The future lines of research focus on making geroscience methods more individualised and ensuring the intervention using the approach is both safe and effective for human use.
Classics Aging physiology, hallmarks of aging, geroscience, interventions, biomarkers, cellular senescence, rapamycin, metformin.
Using Colocynth Extract as an Antibacterial Against Tooth Decay
Section: Articles Keywords: Drug-resistant germs, Citrullus colocynthis, Dental caries, Phytochemicals The past few decades have witnessed the emergence of drug-resistant germs, which has contributed to the search for bioactive substances effective against these microbes. Plant-derived phytochemicals, which can be taken from any part of the plant, including the root, stem or flower, have shown beneficial therapeutic properties. Citrullus colocynthis's ethanolic extract has been observed to have inhibitory effects on Streptococcus mutans. The aim of the current literature review was to explore how dental caries can be treated using herbal products and their secondary metabolites. The studies included in our review were all conducted either in the laboratory or inside the body to determine the extent of the effect of this plant on bacteria. The number of original studies using different extracts of Citrullus colocynthis was 6, with the highest concentration was (16.384 mg/mL) and the lowest MBC (1.5 mg/mL) aqueous and ethanolic extract, respectively, while the lowest MIC was 0.37 mg/mL aqueous extracts, and the highest 1 mg/mL ethanolic extract. We concluded in the current study that further studies are needed on this topic to test the possibility of using the extract safely internally and externally, given the emergence of bacteria resistant to known antibiotics.
Drug-resistant germs, Citrullus colocynthis, Dental caries, Phytochemicals
Synthesis and Characterisation of New Sulfonamide Derivatives and Their Antibacterial Activity
Section: Articles Keywords: Sulfonamides, anti-bacterial activity, synthesis, characterization, minimum inhibitory concentration. Sulfonamides, a category of antimicrobial medications, are the subject of ongoing research due to new forms of bacterial resistance. The present study was scheduled to synthesise and identify new sulfonamide derivatives and to evaluate their antibacterial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The sulfonyl chlorides were also combined with various amines and coupled under basic conditions to give the new sulfonamides with good to excellent yields (62-92%). The structural characterisation employed FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the synthesised compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined using agar diffusion and broth microdilution. The results revealed that the existing products of the sulfonamide analogues possessed an enormous degree of broad-spectrum antibacterial action with MICs of 1.56 256 μg/mL. Several compounds were active, especially against Gram-negative pathogens, and some of the analogues were as active as ciprofloxacin. These findings suggest that the produced sulfonamides can serve as viable lead structures for the development of antibacterial drugs.
Sulfonamides, anti-bacterial activity, synthesis, characterization, minimum inhibitory concentration.
Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection among Hemodialysis Patients in Karbala
Section: Articles Keywords: viral C hepatitis, dialysis, risk factors, and blood transfusion Liver diseases associated with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) significantly contribute to mortality and morbidity in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. HCV infection may result in acute or chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular cancer. The incidence of hepatitis infections in the dialysis units of Imam Hussein City in Karbala has significantly increased from 2021 to 2023. Aim: Determine the HCV infection burden in hemodialysis patients in Imam Hussein Medical City from 2021-2023 and review the main risk factors associated with HCV infection in those patients. Method: Analytical cross-section study in hemodialysis units (Adel Al-Sabbah and Habeeb bin Mudhaher Al-Asdi centers) in Imam Hussein Medical City, Karbala, Iraq, from 2021 to 2023. These centers offer hemodialysis health services for residents of Karbala. Result: The demographic attributes of 122 hemodialysis patients, both with and without hepatitis C infection, at Imam Hussein Medical City were examined. The prevalence of hepatitis C among patients on dialysis was (10.37%). A significant difference was observed in the occupation distribution between the two groups. Self-employed individuals were more likely to have Hepatitis C infection compared to other occupational groups. The study shows that dialysis in other centers, surgical operations, blood transfusion, and duration of dialysis are statistically significant risk factors for HCV infection. Conclusions: HCV transmission in the hemodialysis unit is multifactorial. Dialysis in other centers, surgical operations, blood transfusion, and duration of dialysis are risk factors for HCV infection.
viral C hepatitis, dialysis, risk factors, and blood transfusion
Misoprostol In the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage
Section: Articles Keywords: Misoprostol, Post-Partum Hemorrhage. Misoprostol, an E1 prostaglandin analogue, induces uterine contractions. Because of this property, misoprostol has proven effective in preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) resulting from the failure of the uterus to contract fully after delivery. In this study, we tried to demonstrate the efficacy of misoprostol in preventing PPH. Patients and methods: we collected samples of 500 women who attended Al-Batool Teaching Hospital from July 2022 to January 2023. We collected the information by direct interview through a prepared written questionnaire. Results: 500 women were enrolled in the study, 4.8% had PPH despite the usage of misoprostol. All of them used the rectal route. We found a significant difference between the fibroid and the PPH (P < 0.001). Conclusion:There is a significantly lower incidence of PPH in misoprostol intake.
Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Most Common Isolated Pathogen Bacteria from Post-Surgical Operation Cases
Section: Articles Keywords: Isolation, Diagnosis, pathogen bacteria, surgical, patients, Iraq &hospitals In this study, 300 patients who had undergone surgery and were admitted to the surgical department of the University Teaching Hospital in middle Iraq cities between March 2022 and December 2023 were included; pus is a white to yellow fluid produced after surgical procedures that contain necrotic tissues, dead WBCs, and cellular debris. 75 (40%) were in the 15 to 60 age range. The current study is expected to regulate the occurrence of surgical sites and to assess the bacteriological outline and antibiotic susceptibility of surgical site pathogens among isolates. Common pathogens isolated were the pathogens revealed different levels of antibiotic resistance; Ampicillin 95%, Bacitracin88%, Ceftriaxone80%, Ciprofloxacin 77% Chloramphenicol 65%, Erythromycin57%, Gentamicin 50%, Kanamycin 45%, Nalidixic acid35% andNitrofurantoin30%. Interestingly, there were 50 (35%) more male instances than female cases. Pathogen bacteria were detected using samples from suspicious wounds and bacteria growth media. The SSI overall incidence was 15 %. The associated risk factors were the surgeon's skills and experience, an increased age, wound classification, longer duration of surgery (> 3 h), blood transfusion, prolonged hospital stay and emergency surgery. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22% (44/200), Acinectobacte 21% (42/200), Klebsiella ssp. 17.5% (35/200), Staphylococcus aureus 15% (30/200), Escherichia coli 13% (26/200) and Proteus mirabilis 7% (14/200).
Isolation, Diagnosis, pathogen bacteria, surgical, patients, Iraq &hospitals
Section: Articles Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, brain concussion Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be caused by anything from a minor head injury to a catastrophic brain injury. In the United States, 1.7 million people are at risk of experiencing a traumatic brain injury, with seniors 65 and older and teens between the ages of 15 and 19 having the highest risk. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), often known as a brain concussion, was formerly assumed to be a non-life-threatening disorder. Mild traumatic brain injury has gained a lot of attention, however, because of some of the negative neuropsychological repercussions it has on people who serve in the military and those who participate in contact sports. This activity emphasizes the importance of interprofessional team members working together to offer well-coordinated therapy and improve patient outcomes. Its primary focus is on the examination and treatment of traumatic brain injuries.
Traumatic brain injury, brain concussion
Isolation and PCR-Based Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria from Hospital Environments
Section: Articles Keywords: Environmental surveillance, antibiotic resistance, PCR detection, hospital-acquired infections, MRSA, VRE, ESBL The proposed study aimed to assess the occurrence and pattern of antibiotic-resistant bacterium in hospital settings both through traditional methods of culture as well as PCR-based molecular identification. Sampling of the environment of different units in Ramadi Teaching Hospital was carried out over a six-month period. A total of 600 environmental samples were sampled in the high-risk environments such as intensive care units, emergency departments, surgical suites, and medical wards by standardized swabbing methods. Traditional culture methods and PCR amplification based on common resistance genes such as mecA, vanA/vanB, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M and qnr genes were used in processing the samples. Findings indicated that the hospital was generally contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in all hospital units. Out of the 600 samples taken, 387 (64.5% of the total samples) were positive by conventional culture test, and PCR-based results revealed the presence of resistant bacteria in 456 samples (76.0% of the total samples). The highest contamination rates were found in intensive care units with 94.7% of samples being positive on PCR. The most commonly isolated organisms were MRSA (34.2%), VRE (28.7%), and ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae (41.5%). Detection using PCR was more sensitive (89.2% than the traditional culture methods (64.5%). The environmental contamination rates and the clinical infection rates were strongly correlated (r = 0.742, p < 0.001). The research confirms the usefulness of molecular detection systems in monitoring the environment in hospitals and points to the prevalence of the presence of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings.
Environmental surveillance, antibiotic resistance, PCR detection, hospital-acquired infections, MRSA, VRE, ESBL
Outcome of Salter Osteotomy in DDH Patients Case Series
Section: Articles Keywords: Salter Osteotomy, DDH, Patients Case Series. Backgrounds: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a disorder of abnormal development resulting in dysplasia and possible subluxation or dislocation of the hip secondary to capsular laxity and mechanical factors. Objective: To assess Clinical and radiological outcome of Salter osteotomy in ddh patient. Methods: The study is a Prospective descriptive analysis study involving 12 patients (1 males, 11 females) conducted in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, at Imam Al-Hussain Medical City and Imam Al-Hassan Al-Mujtaba Hospital from January 01, 2023, to January 01, 2025. Patients diagnosed with DDH and who underwent Salter osteotomy were included. Data collection was done through paper questionnaires focusing on age, sex, delivery mode, disease bilaterality, acetabular index, Modified McKay criteria, and postoperative complications (infection, redislocation, AVN). Ethical approval was granted by the research committees, ensuring patient confidentiality. Statistical analysis utilized descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage). Results: The study included a total of 12 participants, with 9 participants (75.0%) being under 2 years of age and 3 participants (25.0%) being over 2 years. Among these participants, 11 were female (91.7%) and 1 was male (8.3%). In terms of bilaterality, 6 participants (50.0%) had unilateral conditions left, 3 participants (25.0%) had bilateral conditions, and the remaining 3 participants (25.0%) had unilateral right conditions. Regarding delivery mode, 6 participants (50.0%) were delivered via cesarean section, while the other 6 (50.0%) were delivered through normal vaginal delivery. Conclusions: In this study conclude Salter osteotomy in patient with DDH under six years old dilver good to excellent clinical and radiological outcome.
Salter Osteotomy, DDH, Patients Case Series.
The Relationship Between Histopathology and Physiology in The Diagnosis of Diseases
Section: Articles Keywords: Histopathology, Physiology, Diagnosis of Diseases Background: Histopathology and physiology play crucial roles in the diagnosis of diseases. Histopathology involves the microscopic examination of tissues, while physiology focuses on the activities of organs and systems. This paper examines the interaction between histological techniques and illness diagnosis, emphasizing the progress made in these techniques and their crucial importance in medical diagnostics. Methods: This comprehensive review analyzes the progression of histopathology from basic tissue observations to more sophisticated methods such as immunohistochemistry and digital pathology. It highlights the role of these techniques in diagnosing a range of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and neurological conditions. Results: Histopathology offers a vital understanding of disease causes and severity, necessary for precise diagnosis and efficient therapy planning. Diagnostic precision has been improved by special staining, immunohistochemistry, and molecular pathology. The study emphasizes the significance of physiological measurements in comprehending functional irregularities and the impact of diseases, aiding in the early detection and categorization of risks. Conclusion: The combination of histology and physiology provides a comprehensive approach to diagnosing and treating diseases. The collaboration across these disciplines is crucial for advancing targeted medicines and enhancing patient outcomes, highlighting the ongoing development and significance of these fields in contemporary medicine.
Histopathology, Physiology, Diagnosis of Diseases
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
A Molecular Study of Covid-19 By Using ROF1b\N\E Gene in Wasit Province
Section: Articles This study aims to investigate the prevalence of COVID-19 in patients according to age, gender, and place, concentrating on the population aged 1 to 70 in Wasit province. A prospective controlled study included 600 patients (390 males and 210 females) who suffered from the following symptoms: headache, exhaustion, taste and appetite loss, fever, and shortness of breath from July to November 2023. Swab nasal samples were collected, and patient information was taken after obtaining consent from all patients; real-time reverse transcription PCR technology was then used to detect the coronavirus in patient samples. Results showed the total percentage of COVID-19 infection was 59/600(9.83%) in patients; according to age, the results indicated that the age group (16–25) had the highest proportion of COVID-19 infection (2.66%), while the age group (46–55) had the lowest percentage of infection (0.33%). In contrast, according to gender, the results showed the highest percentage of COVID-19 infection was (5.33%) for males, and the lowest percentage of infection was (4.50%) for females. In conclusion, statistical analysis results indicated significant differences in infection between female and male patients.
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Study on Nourseothricin and Its Activity Against Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Section: Articles Keywords: Nourseothricin; Antimicrobial resistance; MRSA; ESBL; WHO priority pathogens; Minimum inhibitory concentration. Background: A global problem is created by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, necessitating the development of new antimicrobials to ensure effectiveness. “The antimicrobial activity of nourseothricin against clinically significant drug-resistant bacterial pathogens is reported here, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)” producing Escherichia coli, carbapenem-resistant “Klebsiella pneumoniae,” and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Methods: The antimicrobial activity of nourseothricin was evaluated through the use of standard microbiological assays. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the broth microdilution method, following the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Sixty clinical isolates were included: MRSA (n=20), ESBL-producing E. coli (n=15), carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (n=15), and VRE (n=10). Time-kill kinetics were assessed at concentrations of 0.5×, 1×, 2×, and 4× MIC. Results: Potent activity was displayed by nourseothricin against all tested strains, with MIC90 values of 4 μg/mL for MRSA, 8 μg/mL for ESBL E. coli, 16 μg/mL for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, and 8 μg/mL for VRE. Rapid bactericidal activity was demonstrated during time-kill studies, showing a ≥3-log₁₀ reduction in viable cell counts within 4.5 hours for MRSA and 5.2 hours for ESBL E. coli when exposed to 4× MIC. MIC values were found to be highly correlated with inhibition zone diameters (r = 0.89, p < 0.001), and reproducible activity was observed against both gram-positive and gram-negative resistant strains”. Conclusions: Significant potential for nourseothricin as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial against traditionally drug-resistant pathogens is indicated by the findings of this study. Rapid bactericidal activity, particularly against WHO priority pathogens, and a well-characterized mechanism of action suggest therapeutic applications. These results warrant further in vivo studies and clinical trials to evaluate nourseothricin’s potential for treating drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Nourseothricin; Antimicrobial resistance; MRSA; ESBL; WHO priority pathogens; Minimum inhibitory concentration.
Comprehensive Review of Stem Cell Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Section: Articles Keywords: Stem cells; Regenerative medicine; Cell therapy; Tissue engineering; Disease modeling; Drug development; Clinical translation Background: Stem cell research has emerged as a cornerstone of regenerative medicine, offering unprecedented opportunities for treating degenerative diseases, understanding development, and advancing drug discovery. This review synthesizes current knowledge and recent advances in stem cell biology while examining future directions and challenges. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed literature, clinical trials, and technological developments in stem cell research from 2000-2024. Sources included major scientific databases and trial registries, focusing on breakthrough discoveries, methodological advances, and therapeutic applications. Results: Recent advances have significantly improved our understanding of stem cell biology and expanded potential therapeutic applications. Key developments include enhanced protocols for maintaining and differentiating stem cells, improved reprogramming techniques for induced pluripotent stem cells, and successful clinical applications in specific diseases. Notable progress has been made in disease modeling, drug screening, and tissue engineering. However, challenges remain in scaling up production, ensuring safety, and overcoming immune rejection. Conclusions: While stem cell research has made substantial progress, several technical and regulatory challenges must be addressed before widespread clinical implementation. The field's future lies in integrating multiple approaches, including gene editing, artificial intelligence, and advanced bioengineering techniques. Continued innovation in methodology and careful consideration of ethical implications will be crucial for realizing the full potential of stem cell-based therapies.
Stem cells; Regenerative medicine; Cell therapy; Tissue engineering; Disease modeling; Drug development; Clinical translation
Copyright (c) 2022 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Prevalence and Pattern of Cardiovascular Symptoms and Diseases in Elderly Patients
Section: Articles Keywords: Prevalence, Cardiovascular, Symptoms, Diseases, Elderly Patients. For men and women of all ages, heart disease continues to be the primary cause of death. Emphasising the necessity of creative methods to improve patient care and survival. Between 50% and 75% of cardiovascular disease-related deaths in wealthy nations happen outside of hospitals. Even in most countries, the proportion of persons over 66 steadily rises and makes up a larger population share. The medical treatment of older people heavily burdens the healthcare system. Giving older patients the proper medical treatment requires specialised understanding. As we age, the body undergoes several changes, and numerous chronic illnesses arise. The visceral organs' function deteriorates, the healing process slows, disease symptoms become less noticeable, and diagnosing a condition is frequently challenging. Furthermore, because the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications vary from those of younger individuals, the therapy options also vary. Having a family member or caregiver participate in the session can be helpful because communicating with elderly individuals can be distressing. For those over 65, "cardiovascular diseases" continue to be the direct reason for death. The most significant of these conditions are atrial "fibrillation", "hypertension", "coronary artery disease", and "congestive heart failure”.
Prevalence, Cardiovascular, Symptoms, Diseases, Elderly Patients.
Section: Articles Keywords: Dialysis initiation, Renal failure, Kidney disease, Early dialysis This study aims to lay out information on the commencement of dialysis in the human body. In this case, the paper has considered an article that deals with beginning dialysis in patients with renal disease or failure. Early dialysis can be one of the effective ways to be a positive factor that can heal renal failure among patients. The paper has also reviewed other relevant articles to support the aspect presented by the primary authors.
Dialysis initiation, Renal failure, Kidney disease, Early dialysis
Copyright (c) 2022 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urinary Tract Infections in Karbala Population: Epidemiology, Causes and Treatment Options
Section: Articles Keywords: Urinary tract infections, Microorganisms, and Antibiotics. Aim of study: To identify the etiological agent of urinary tract infections and test the sensitivity of microorganisms that caused UTIs to antibiotics. The study also aims to find the appropriate treatment that bacteria cannot resist or to find an alternative to it in treating urinary tract infections. Methods: This was conducted at the microbiology department of the Al-Imam Al-Hussein Medical City in Karbala. Urine samples were collected from patients of different ages and sex. Bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility were performed in the laboratory. Many symptoms diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs) by examining urine samples and bacterial growth on Petri dishes. There is a significant risk because of the increase in protract infections and the growing antibiotic resistance leading to the increase of the economic burden of these illnesses. Results: UTI cultured samples included 30 males (26.5%) and 83 females (73.5%), with patient ages ranging from 18 to 90. Among 113 individuals with uropathogens, Escherichia coli in 49 patients (55.37%), followed by Staphylococcus bacteria detected in 38 patients (42.94%). Klebsiella pneumonia was detected in only 9 patients (10.17%), while other types of bacteria were detected in 17 (19%). Various antimicrobial agents were employed on the isolated bacteria; the highest sensitivity was observed for meropenem (79.5%), while the lowest sensitivity was noted for ampicillin (21.2%). Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of UTI is very important to minimise medical complications and decrease financial outcomes; this is achieved by isolating the causative pathogens and testing for suitable antimicrobial drugs.
Urinary tract infections, Microorganisms, and Antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Anal Fissure Cases in Children at Outpatient Clinic in Karbala
Section: Articles Keywords: Anal fissure, Diversity cases, and Children Objective: Anal fissures are often accompanied by patients’ refusal to defecate, despite diarrhoea, due to severe pain in the anus. These health problems are particularly evident in patients with anal canal obstruction. However, the functional disease that causes anal fissures is not limited to persistent diarrhoea or constipation. Our current research aims to achieve clinical significance in the treatment of the disease and to reduce the prevalence of diseases associated with anal fissures in the age groups mentioned for pediatric patients who suffer from a variety of clinical manifestations. Methods: Data related to 250 cases of anal fissure disease were collected for children aged between 1 month and 10 years in Karbala Pediatric Clinics for both sexes for the period from 1-3-2023 to 7-5-2024. There were various causes related to anal fissures in children, distributed between 100 cases for males and 150 cases for females. Treated by Diet, toilet training, lactulose syrup, lidocaine gel, + Laximed Suppositories 240 cases, while treated by anal dilatation under general Anaesthesia 10 cases. Results: Number of patients distributed according to age from 1 month to 10 years old. Data documented the following: (60 cases were from 1 to 6 months), (95 cases were from 6 months – 1 year), (75 cases were from 1 – 3 years), and (20 cases were from 3 – 10 years). Conclusions: An anal fissure in children is a common disease that needs to be treated surgically or non-surgically, as it is accompanied by other related diseases that may lead to other complications that worsen in the future if neglected. Therefore, containing and controlling the disease is essential through an early visit to a specialist doctor, as it is possible to treat the disease and follow the specialist doctor’s instructions until full recovery.
Anal fissure, Diversity cases, and Children
Experience 50 Cases of Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Underwent Ramstids' surgery in Karbala
Section: Articles Background: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants. There is a paucity of published data regarding this condition in our setting. This study describes the clinical presentation, mode of treatment, and outcome of treatment for this disease, and identifies factors responsible for the poor outcome in these patients. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study of infants with Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis admitted to hospitals in Karbala between January 1, 2020, and October 24, 2024 (50 cases, 40 males, 10 females). Results: electrolyte disturbance, including Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, Hypokalemia, and Metabolic alkalosis. Division of case number by age, including (1-2 weeks is 2), (2-6 weeks is 40), and (older than 6 weeks is 8). Clinical features presentation number, including (non-bilious projectile vomiting = 50, poor weight gain =30, and vomiting with blood = 2). Post-operative complications including surgical site infection = 5 cases, incisional hernia = 1 case, post-operative emesis = 10 cases, and death = zero. Conclusion: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the predominant cause of gastric outlet obstruction in newborns in our context. A guideline should be established to rectify fluid and electrolyte imbalances post-diagnosis to reduce perioperative hospital duration. Postoperatively, these patients require meticulous management in the pediatric ward, particularly during the first postoperative phase. Additional research is required in this domain to enhance the management of infants with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) As A Prognostic and Pathogenic Factor in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in Iraqi Patients
Section: Articles Keywords: Prostate Cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3), Tumor Biomarker Background: The prostate gland has a high rate of benign and malignant disease, including “benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)” and prostatic adenocarcinoma. BPH occurs in as many as 75% of males by the eighth decade of life. “Prostate cancer” is the second most common cancer in the world, and in Iraq, it is the third most common cancer after lung and colorectal cancers. “Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3)” is a member of the trefoil factor family, which has been associated with epithelial repair and tumorigenesis. TFF3 promotes a cancerous state by increasing cell migration, invasion, and the formation of the tumor microenvironment, and by inhibiting apoptosis, likely through the activation of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate TFF3 expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma versus BPH and to assess its correlation with pathological features, including age, preoperative PSA level, Gleason grade, perineural, and lymphovascular invasion. Method: An examination of sixty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostatic tissue blocks was performed: 30 “benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)” and 30 prostatic adenocarcinomas. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical staining with anti-TFF3 monoclonal antibody were performed on each block. TFF3 expression was qualitatively evaluated under light microscopy and correlated with computer-derived clinicopathologic characteristics. Results: TFF3 expression was demonstrated in 93.3% of cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and was expressed in only 20% of BPH cases. A highly statistically significant correlation was observed between TFF3 expression and Gleason grade (p = 0.00004) and with preoperative PSA (p = 0.000012). There was no statistically significant correlation with age, perineural, or lymphovascular invasion. TFF3 has a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 80% as a diagnostic marker. Conclusion: TFF3 is significantly overexpressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma compared to BPH, particularly in high-grade tumors, supporting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker.
Prostate Cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3), Tumor Biomarker
Section: Articles Keywords: Food-Borne Diseases, Bacterial, Viral Foodborne disease has been one of the most common diseases which actually take place due to the upshot of consuming poisoned or contaminated food. After severe examination and observation, it has been found that the foods become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses or even different types of parasites. Taking into consideration this topic, several researchers in the world has stated their result after severe observation and examination of food-borne disease. The main aim of this article is to lay information regarding the disease, its causes, and its prevention in accordance to several articles. The given articles have been chosen to take information and make an authentic review of the topic which will be necessary for further study and any other scholarly purpose.
Epidemiological Study of Brucella abortus Infection in Wasit Province
Section: Articles Keywords: Brucellosis, Brucella abortus, Zoonotic disease, public health, Epidemiology. Brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, remains a significant public health challenge in many regions, including Wasit Province, Iraq. This study analyzed the infection's seasonal trends and age-specific prevalence to understand its epidemiology better. Data from 2022 and 2023 indicated peak IgG positivity in January, May, and June, which were in line with the seasonality of agriculture. Interestingly, IgM positivity appeared sporadically, indicating limited acute infection or a lag in diagnosis. Age group 18-41 years had higher IgG rates, which pointed to occupational risk for subjects dealing with livestock. Findings here indicate the need for targeted interventions like improved veterinary services, public awareness campaigns, and vaccination programs on the persistent risk of zoonotic transmission. Such measures would focus on lessening the burden of brucellosis and protecting human and animal health in the region.
Brucellosis, Brucella abortus, Zoonotic disease, public health, Epidemiology.
Comparative Outcomes of Laparoscopic and Open Surgical Approaches in Children with Complicated Appendicitis
Section: Articles Keywords: Complication appendicitis, Laparoscopic appendectomy, Open appendectomy, Wound infected). Background: Children with severe appendicitis are one of the most frequent surgical emergencies. Laparoscopic appendectomy has proven effective in uncomplicated appendicitis, but it is more challenging in complicated cases where the appendix becomes inflamed. Our current study aimed to compare the basic approach between laparoscopic and open surgical appendectomy in children. Methods: Fifty cases of previously complicated appendicitis were controlled and monitored. The LA group consisted of 36 children, and the OA group consisted of 14. The duration of symptoms of complicated appendicitis, the time required for surgery, the possibility of eating, the occurrence of complications, whether early or late, as well as the length of the patient's hospital stay and the use of certain antibiotics. Results: There were no significant differences between the two age groups, including in the duration of symptoms or the total white blood cell count. The surgery took 58 minutes and 5 minutes for LA and 65 minutes and 5 minutes for OA. Patients in the LA group were more likely to return to oral feeding earlier (3 ± 1 days) compared to those in the control group (4 ± 1 days) for each osteoporosis patient. Still, they remained in the hospital for a shorter period (3 ± 1 days) compared to the osteoporosis patients (5 ± 1 days). Only 6% of people in group LA got a wound infection, but 20% of people in group OA did. Conclusions: The laparoscopic method can be used to treat severe appendicitis in kids, and it is safe. Most of the time, laparoscopic appendectomy is the best way to treat children with severe appendicitis.
Complication appendicitis, Laparoscopic appendectomy, Open appendectomy, Wound infected).
The Rules of Molecular Technique in Diseases Identification
Section: Articles Keywords: Molecular techniques, RT-PCR, Disease Identification Molecular techniques have revolutionized the identification and diagnosis of various diseases, providing unprecedented accuracy and speed. This article explores the fundamental rules governing molecular techniques in disease identification, focusing on their applications in infectious diseases, oncology, neurodegenerative disorders, and allergies. It discusses the evolution of these techniques, their clinical implications, and the challenges faced in their implementation. By synthesizing recent advancements and recommendations from the literature, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of molecular diagnostics.
Molecular techniques, RT-PCR, Disease Identification
Molecular Study of Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolation from Clinical Samples
Section: Articles Keywords: molecular, characterises, Enteropathogenic, Escherichia coli isolation . Escherichia coli regarded as the most important causes of intestinal illnesses in the world and also a significant public health challenge. Intestinal sicknesses which are caused by E. coli infection are often under diagnosed while doing usual microbiological analysis, particularly in resource constrained settings. However, the use of molecular tests could be helpful to identify the distribution of intestinal illnesses of E. coli infection and also its clinical importance. The distribution analysis of virulence factors which exist among various E. coli pathotypes which include Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) will offer substantial insights with regard to the mechanisms through which various E. coli strains lead to diseases and result in the growth of different E. coli types. This present investigation therefore is an attempt to evaluate the incidence of intestinal illnesses of E. coli in clinical samples taken from patients. The samples from 150 patients and 15 controls were collected and then screened for E. coli. Compatible colonies taken from 150 individuals (150 patients and 15 controls) were characterized through performing biochemical test, a set of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for recognition of six virulence factors. The clinical samples from patients were within two months -two year attending. Pyelonephritis were associated by pili (pap gene, hemolysin (hly gene), aerobactin (aer gene), translocon pore-forming subunit espB and Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2) respectively. They were related with six intestinal illnesses pathotypes. The incidence of hlyA and papC (both 40%) was highest, and was followed by espB, aer, stx1, stx2(30%,25%,20% and 18%) respectively. Although, how and whether these mixtures of genes affect their pathogenicity is an issue that have to be investigated and elucidated. The findings obtained in this study highlight the significance of epidemiological and microbiological surveillance of STECs. It also determines if the development of control measures will diminish the risks which are associated with intestinal illnesses from E.coli.
molecular, characterises, Enteropathogenic, Escherichia coli isolation .
A Cross-Sectional Study Investigates the Use of Lactational Amenorrhea for Contraception Among Women
Section: Articles Keywords: Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), Natural contraception, Breastfeeding practices, Postpartum family planning, Sociodemographic influences Background: The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is a natural contraceptive technique that combines breastfeeding with family planning, particularly for postpartum women. This study explores the prevalence, accuracy, and sociodemographic influences on LAM usage among women attending a health center. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 postpartum women aged 15–45 years with at least one living child under five years old. Data collection involved structured interviews using a questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, breastfeeding practices, and LAM usage. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression to identify factors influencing LAM practice. Results: Among participants, 42.7% were currently breastfeeding, and 33.1% of women who had ever breastfed reported using LAM for contraception. However, only 9.8% adhered to the ProperLAM criteria, while 90.2% practiced it incorrectly, leading to a 30.1% unintended pregnancy rate among inProperusers. Rural residence and lower educational attainment were associated with higher LAM usage. Non-working women also demonstrated significantly higher adoption rates compared to working women. Conclusion: This study identified mothers who had at least three children as being more likely to practice LAM in rural areas. Thus, the health providers would encourage mothers to breastfeed and dispel any misinformation with effective counseling on the lactational amenorrhea method
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), Natural contraception, Breastfeeding practices, Postpartum family planning, Sociodemographic influences
A Study of Superficial Venous Patterns of the Cubital Fossa Among Iraqi Population
Section: Articles Blood can be drawn from the cubital fossa's superficial veins for transfusion, analysis, and intravenous therapy. The superficial veins (basilic vein (BV), cephalic vein (CV), median antebrachial vein (MCV), and median cubital vein (MCcV)), are usually visible through the skin and are anatomically variable. This study aims to identify the variation of superficial venous arrangement in “the cubital fossa”. For about two to three minutes, a tourniquet was placed 10-15 cm proximal to the cubital fossa with strong finger flexion and extension till the veins were revealed for inspection. In the cubital fossa, six different kinds of superficial venous patterns were found. There are two types of pattern categories (majors and miners) for 300 volunteers. The pattern types I, II, and III were the high percentage of total patterns among the Iraqi population, with 83.33% and 82.67% for males & females, respectively. While types IV, V, and VI had the lowest percentages, 16.67% for males and 17.33% for females. In conclusion, knowing pattern types gives a preliminary indication of educational importance for anatomists during dissections and clinical importance for surgeons and medical staff (nurses in particular) to avoid the damage that may happen while dealing with this anatomical region.
The Impact of Inflammation on Pathological Processes
Section: Articles Keywords: Acute Inflammation, pathological processes, Chronic Inflammation The term "inflammation" initially referred to a variety of well-known symptoms and signs, including erythema (redness), oedema, warmth, pain, and function loss (immobility and stiffness). Today, inflammation is understood to be a complicated, changing response to tissue damage brought on by noxious substances, certain environmental factors, trauma, infection or overuse. Some of these responses may be deleterious, as in many chronic disease states, while some could help with infection control and healing of wounds. Inflammation is a "second-line" defence against pathogenic microorganisms. The responses that inflammation causes are the basic processes of pathology. The suffix "-itis" denotes illnesses characterized by pathological inflammation. Cell-mediated and humoral immune system reactions largely produce inflammation. This study examines the association between inflammation and two major worldwide causes of death and morbidity: cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer.
Acute Inflammation, pathological processes, Chronic Inflammation
The Role of Helicobacter Pylori in Chronic Tonsillitis
Section: Articles Keywords: Chronic tonsillitis, Inflammatory disease, Tonsillar tissue, ENT pathologies, Microbiological studies. Chronic tonsillitis is a common inflammatory disease of the tonsillar tissue that causes various ENT pathologies. Microbiological studies have shown a possible correlation between tonsillitis and Helicobacter pylori. Patients with chronic tonsillitis and H. pylori infections have a higher risk of complications. PCR testing revealed H. pylori DNA in 30.8% of patients with chronic tonsillitis, compared to a lower rate in healthy volunteers. Complications of chronic tonsillitis include infectious endocarditis, scarlet fever, and psoriasis. Carcinoma of the tonsil may be a possible complication in patients with tonsillitis and H. pylori. Detecting markers of H. pylori in oral cavity and eradicating the pathogen is recommended for patients with chronic tonsillitis.
Chronic tonsillitis, Inflammatory disease, Tonsillar tissue, ENT pathologies, Microbiological studies.
Elective Repeated Cesarean Section (ERCS)
Section: Articles Keywords: caesarean delivery, Elective cesarean section Objective: To investigate the timing of elective repeat cesarean deliveries at Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in Diyala, Iraq. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 100 women who underwent elective repeat cesarean delivery at 37-40 weeks gestation at Al-Batool Teaching Hospital. Emergency cesarean deliveries were excluded. Results: The majority of elective repeat cesarean deliveries (78%) were performed at 37 weeks gestation. Cesarean deliveries at 38, 39, and 40 weeks accounted for 4%, 2%, and 16% of the sample, respectively. Conclusions: In this cohort, most elective repeat cesarean deliveries were conducted at 37 weeks gestation, rather than the recommended 40 weeks. Delivering earlier than 39-40 weeks in the absence of medical indications reduces the chances of successful vaginal birth after cesarean. These findings suggest that evidence-based protocols were not consistently followed for timing of elective repeat cesarean sections at this institution. Further research is needed to identify barriers to adhering to delivery guidelines and implement quality improvement initiatives to optimize cesarean delivery timing when clinically appropriate.
caesarean delivery, Elective cesarean section