Hepatitis E: A Multi-Facets Viral Disease

Abstract

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the cause of hepatitis E, an inflammatory liver disease: In many tropical nations with poor sanitary standards in the 1980ies, this infection was said to be endemic. It has been believed for more than 20 years to be a travel-related, acute, self-limiting liver illness that only affects certain, high-risk individuals and results in fulminant hepatic failure [1]. According to a recent estimate by the WHO (2014), HEV infection results in roughly 56,000 fatalities annually worldwide. In the past ten years, occasional occurrences of HEV infections have also been reported in industrialized nations, with genotype 3 of the virus accounting for the majority of these cases [2]. clinically undetectable seroconversion or acute, self-limiting liver inflammation. HEV infection has been linked to cases of fulminant liver failure in both pregnant women and people who already have chronic liver disorders [2]

Additionally, in various cohorts of immunocompromised people, persistent HEV infection cases linked to progressive liver disease have been reported. In this situation, testing for HEV-specific antibodies may not be sensitive enough to diagnose HEV infection; instead, HEV RNA detection should be used [3]. A stem cell derived cell culture system has been constructed to explore the in vitro replication of HEV and potential Inhibitors. Where in, the effectiveness of Interferon and was investigated ribavirin and interferon was investigated [34].

Human liver chimeric mice have also been developed as a model of chronic HEV for testing novel therapeutic trials [4]. In addition, mounting data suggests that T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses aid in the suppression of HEV infection [5] Furthermore, HEV-specific T lymphocytes responses without discrete immunodominant areas have been described as targeting the whole HEV genome [6].

Interferon therapy [7].immunosuppressive medication decrease [8], or ribavirin therapy [9]are all possible treatments for chronic hepatitis E. Recent studies have demonstrated that the hepatitis C treatment sofosbuvir, a direct acting antiviral (DAA) agent, can be used effectively in treatment of HEV infection both in vitro and, to a lesser extent, in vivo. [10] [11][12] [13] .

According to[14], this vaccination demonstrated a >90% efficiency in avoiding acute hepatitis E symptoms. It is not yet clear if or when this vaccination will be made available.